The premalignant stages are screened with HPV tests ( HPV DNA tests) and cytological investigation ( Pap smear). The development of cervical carcinoma is preceded by a premalignant epithelial dysplasia called “ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia” ( CIN), a type of premalignant epithelial dysplasia. Advanced cervical cancer typically manifests with vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and/or lower back pain. Affected individuals are typically asymptomatic during early stages of the disease. Consequently, the risk factors for cervical cancer are, for the most part, identical to those for HPV (e.g., early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, history of STDs, and immunosuppression). ![]() ![]() In most cases, it arises from infection with high-risk HPV. The most common histological type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. ![]() The mortality and incidence of cervical cancer have significantly declined since the introduction of routine Papanicolaou-test screening ( Pap smear) and human papillomavirus ( HPV) vaccination. Cervical cancer is the third most common type of gynecological cancer in the US after endometrial and ovarian cancer.
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